If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word, from a source, the in-text citation must include the author, year and page numbers where the quotation appeared. Direct quotations must be accurate and follow the wording, spelling, and punctuation of the original source. Show
The in-text citation for a short quotation (no more than 4 lines enclosed in quotation marks) is placed after the closing quotation mark, before the period. If the author is mentioned in the text, only the year and page/s cited appear in the citation. For example: Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 2013, 194). ... or According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (2013, 194). ... For a long quotation (more than 4 lines) that is set in a separate block off from the text (block quotation, indented, without quotation marks), type a space after the concluding punctuation mark of the quotation and insert the in-text citation. There is no punctuation before or after the citation. For example: The forms of writing that accompany reading can fill various roles. The simplest is to make parts of a text prominent (by underlining, highlighting, or adding asterisks, lines, or squiggles). More-reflective responses are notes written in the margins or in an external location--a notebook or a computer file. (Baron 2013, 194) Omitting words from a quotation:A quotation may be shortened from that included in the original source by including three spaced ellipses points (...) within the quotation to indicate where the omitted words had been included. Example Whereas, other researchers "believe that the third stage of labour is a much neglected stage in the process of labour ... and it deserves much greater attention" (Harris and Clark 2019, 856). Quotations of sources without pagination:If your source uses explicit part numbers rather than pages numbers, as some web resources do, give the relevant number or numbers, preceded by the label, e.g.
Separate the author and the part number with a comma, e.g. (Smith 2019, para. 3) If the source includes headings, but not paragraph or page numbers, you may use the section heading, e.g. James concludes "bullying is at epidemic levels in organizations which do not display strong leadership at the top" (sec. Discussion). When a source has no page number or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in an in-text citation. Do not count unnumbered paragraph or other parts.
The Chicago Manual of Style documentation system is used in both the humanities and the social sciences. A bit more complex than either the MLA or the APA, it offers two approaches for documenting sources: 1) a notes system and, 2) an author/date system similar to the APA. This guide explains the Author/Date system. A separate guide explains the Chicago Manual of Style (Notes System). Inserted at the point of reference, an in-text parenthetical citation containing the author's name and the date of publication interacts with the end documentation by pointing to a specific entry on the References List page. Notes, similar to those used in the CMS Notes System, may be used in the Author/Date system, but only to provide further information about a particular idea. They do not replace entries found in the References List which contains the bibliographic information required to properly cite your sources. Check with your instructor on what is expected when you are asked to use this style. This guide is largely based on style recommendations from the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, however, you may also wish to consult the 6th edition of Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. In it you will find many corresponding or similar documentation patterns. [Guide Updated Jul 2017] Citing Sources within Your DocumentThe CMS Author/Date in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CMS Notes system. Much like the APA, it emphasizes authors and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the natural sciences. In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence. CMS In-Text Formatting RulesCMS Author/Date in-text formatting rules are as follows:
Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs. Examples of In-Text Formatting RulesCiting an Entire SourceWhen citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited. 1. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence Format: Cite both the last name of the author and the publication date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). There is a space, not a comma, between the author's name and the date. Example: In a recent study of sustainable management techniques (Myers 1997)...
2. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence Format: When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow the author's name. In cases where the source itself is being cited rather than the author, the parentheses around the date may be omitted. Example One: Myers (1997) compared sustainable management techniques... Example Two: In Myers 1997, sustainable management techniques are compared to more conventional practices. Citing Part of a Source When citing a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication and the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers, etc.) where the cited material may be found. 3. Citing Part of a Source Format: When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). One space separates the author's name from the date, and one comma separates the date from the page number (or chapter, etc.). Page abbreviations like "p." or "pp." are used only when their absence is likely to cause confusion. Abbreviations such as sec. (section), fig. (figure), app. (appendix), etc., should be used, however. Example: Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for anti-establishment tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of Blue Brook Plantation" (Landess 1976, 121). Examples of Variations to In-Text Formatting Rules1. Citing Sources with No Date Format: When you cite a source that has no date given, include in parentheses the name of the author and the abbreviation "n.d." ("no date"). Example: This has occurred in previous experiments (Phelps & Gomez, n.d.).
2. Citing Sources with Unnamed, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors Format: When no author is listed on the tile or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than A, An, or The. Example One: Letting Ana Go (New York: Simon Pulse, 2013), 118-20. Example Two: Letting Ana Go. New York: Simon Pulse, 2013. 3. Citing Electronic (Web site or Internet) Sources Format: An electronic source is cited like any other source when the entire source is cited: Author's Last Name and Date of Publication are mentioned. However, in cases where specific parts of the electronic source are cited, documentation of the particular paragraph number or section heading where the cited material may be found is recommended. Example: Mendelson, Abby. “Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment.” Pittsburg Pirates. MLB.com. May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp. 4. Citing Authors with Same Last Name in References List Format: Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name. Example: K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method. 5. Citing Sources Not Included in the References List Format: Unpublished manuscripts, letters and newspaper articles, etc. may be cited within the in-text parenthetical citation or in the actual text itself. Example One: Paul Nesbitt (telephone interview, 19 August 2016) expressed his dissatisfaction with the proposed plan. Example Two: In a letter dated 12 August 2016, Nesbitt indicated to his daughter that a new plan was being presented to the County Commissioners. 6. Citing Sources with More than One Author Format, Sources with Two or Three Authors: List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other author first. Example: Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarty. The Victims of Crime. Upper Saddle river, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. Format, Sources with Four or More Authors: In a note, give only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”). In the bibliography, list all the authors that appear on the title page. Example One: Harry Markopolos et al., No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010). 179. Example Two: Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and Michael Ocrant. No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010. Note: An alternative would be to include a shortened title following the "Author et al.", in every instance of the same "Author et al." occurring. Example: (Nesbitt et al., Neighborhood associations, 2015) (Nesbitt et al., Zoning laws, 2015) 7. Citing Sources Authored by a Group or Corporation Format: Use the group or corporation as the author; it may also be the publisher. Example: Where the References List entry looks like: Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 2014. 2014 NEA Grant Application for… The first in-text citation will look like: The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 2014) was an important effort to support the arts in the community. And a subsequent in-text citation will look like: The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 2014). 8. Citing Two or More Sources in the Same Parenthesis Format, Two or More Sources by Same Author: When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication. Example: Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp, 2004, 2010, 2016). Format, Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year: When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list. Example: Past research (Johnson 2013a, 2013b) has revealed interesting patterns. Format, Two or More Sources by Different Authors: When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons. Example: Several studies (Evens 2005; Dorer 2014; Bundy 2014) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon. Citing Sources at the End of Your DocumentThe end documentation in the CMS Author/Date system is the References List page. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about cited source material. This list is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited. Proper CMS documentation depends on the References List. Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation. CMS Reference List Formatting RulesCMS References List formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on a new page at the end of your document and be numbered accordingly. If your document is 6½ pages long, the Notes page should begin on page 8. Note: Unless informed otherwise, you can count on your instructor not counting the References List page in the total page count of an eight page assignment. The page itself should be formatted in the following way:
Individual entries should be formatted in the following way:
CMS Directory of Reference List Formatting RulesBook and Book Parts1. Book with Unknown Author(s) References List Format: Example: Letting Ana Go. New York: Simon Pulse, 2013. 2. Book with Group or Corporate Author References List Format: Example: International Monetary fund. Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2010. 3. Book with One AuthorReferences List Format: Example: Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013. 4. Book with Two AuthorsNote: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited. References List Format: Example: Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarity. The Victims of Crime. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. 5. Book with Three AuthorsNote: Names must always appear in the same order, separated by commas, as found on the Title page of the work being cited. References List Format: Example: Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. 2003. The Business Writer's Handbook. 7th ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. 6. Book with Four or More AuthorsNote: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited. Use the last name first rule for the first author and the first name first rule for all other authors. Separate names with commas. References List Format: Example: Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and Michael Ocrant. No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010. 7. Book with Author & Editor(s) or Translator(s)References List Format (Editor): Example: Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Edited by Ira Dworkin. New York: Penguin Books, 2014. References List Format (Translator): Example: Ali, Nujood, and Delphine Minoui. I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced. Translated by Linda Coverdale. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2010. 8. Edited Anthology or CollectionReferences List Format: Example: Krausz, Michael, ed. Relativism: A Contemporary Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. 9. Chapter in a Book or Selection in an AnthologyReferences List Format: Example: Dalrymple, William. “The Monk’s Tale.” In Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India (New York: Knopf, 2010). 10. Chapter in an Unedited Book References List Format: Example: Williams, Susan Millar. 1997. Cross Purposes. Chap. 6 in A devil and a good woman, too: The lives of Julia Peterkin. Athens and London: Univ. of Georgia Press, 11. Book Editions (Second, Third, etc.)References List Format: Example: Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 12. Reprinted (Republished) BooksReferences List Format: Example: James, King of England. The Political Works of James I. Edited by Charles Howard McIlwain. 1918. Reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2010. 13. Sacred TextsNote: Citations of sacred texts such as the Christian Bible, Islam's Holy Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text citation and are not included in the References List. Please refer to the CMS Notes Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules for more information. 14. Untitled Volume in a Multivolume WorkReferences List Format: Example: Hanqi, Fang, ed. A History of Journalism in China. Vol 7. Singapore: Silkroad Press, 2013. 15. Titled Volume in a Multivolume WorkReferences List Format: Example: Atkinson, Rick. The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944-1945. Vol 3 of The Liberation Trilogy. New York: Henry Holt, 2013. 16. Book in a SeriesReferences List Format: Example: Holt, Michael F. Franklin Pierce. American Presidents Series 14. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2010. 17. Book Without Publication InformationReferences List Format: Example: Biv, Roy G. On learning the color spectrum. N.p., n.d. 18. Book Introduction, Preface, Foreword or AfterwordReferences List Format: Example: Stannard, Martin. Preface to Muriel Spark: The Biography, xv-xxvi. New York: Norton, 2010. Journals, Magazines and Newspapers1. Journal Article with Consecutive Pagination Note: Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with the page number that follows the last page number in the previous issue. In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue. References List Format: Brown, Sterling. 1934. Arcadia, South Carolina. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life 12:59-60. 2. Journal Article with Non-Consecutive Pagination Note: Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with consecutive pagination. References List Format: Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 1, no. 2:118-46. 3. Article in a Weekly MagazineReferences List Format: Makary, Marty. “the cost of Chasing Cancer.” Time, March 10, 2014, 24. 4. Article in a Monthly or Seasonal MagazineReferences List Format: Huber, Peter. “Better Medicine.” Reason, March 2014, 22-30. 5. Magazine Article with Volume and Issue NumbersNote: When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a volume number but not an issue number. References List Format: A passing race. 1929. Canadian Magazine, 71:34. 6. Article in a NewspaperNote: In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and are not included in the References List; however, when you do, follow the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title rather than the author's name. References List Format: Zito, Kelly. “Cities Key Source of Toxins in Bay, Study Finds.” San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 2010, Bay Area Edition. Note: When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here: Denver Rocky Mountain News Note: When city name is not well known, or there is more than one city in America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here: Ashtabula, (OH) Star-Beacon Note: Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here: Sunday Times (London) 7. Book, Stage/Theater, Movie, Concert/Music Review (Magazine or Newspaper)References List Format: Holden, Stephen. “Students Caught in the School Squeeze.” Review of Waiting for Superman, directed by Davis Guggenheim. New York Times, September 23, 2010. 8. Citing an Unsigned Article in a Newspaper or MagazineReferences List Format: Boston Globe. “NYC May Ban Smoking in Parks, on Beaches.” Boston Globe September 16, 2010. 9. Citing a Letter to the Editor References List Format: Levi, Jason. Letter to the editor. Smithsonian, June 2016. Dissertations and Theses1. Published Dissertation or Thesis Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution. References List Format: Colello, Anthony. Affirmative Action Bans and Minority Employment: Washington State’s Initiative 200. PhD diss., Georgetown University, 2011, 41-2, ProQuest (AAT 1491319). 2. Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution. References List Format: Iddings, Joshua Glenn. “Writing at One Appalachian High School.” PhD diss., Purdue University, 2013. 3. Abstract of a Dissertation or ThesisNote: Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution. References List Format: Mou, Yi. “Social Media and Risk Communication: The Role of Social Networking Sites, in Food-safety Communication.” PhD Diss., University of Connecticut, 2012. Abstract, Dissertation Abstracts International 74 (2013). Unpublished Manuscripts and Papers1. Unpublished Document in a Manuscript Collection References List Format: Peterkin, Julia. 1930. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October. Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington. 2. Unpublished Papers Read at Meetings Note: Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings may be formatted in the same manner as a book. References List Format: Montgomery, M. Lorenzo. 1985. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah. Paper read at 9th Annual Symposium on Language and Culture, Columbia, SC, 27 April. Interviews, Letters and Personal Communications1. Published Interviews Note: Consult The Chicago Manual of Style to format interviews appearing in other print and non-print mediums. References List Format: Rachel Stein, interview by author, Pittsburgh, June 2, 2014. 2. Unpublished Interviews References List Format: References List Format: Megahn McKennan, conversation with author, March 5, 2014. Sangita Thakore, letter to author, November 12, 2014 Electronic Sources1. Portable Sources (CD-ROM's, Diskettes, Magnetic Tapes, etc.) Note: Unlike online sources which exist on a computer service or network and are subject to continual revision, portable electronic sources are published and released at fixed points in time. Generally, these types of citations are done in running text within the document; however, they can be included in the References List. The following example is for a non-periodical portable source. The format for a periodical source is slightly different. References List Format: Sheehy, Donald, ed. 1997. Robert Frost: Poems, life, legacy. [CD-ROM]. New York: Holt. 2. Computer Programs and Software References List Format: Electronic Supplements for Real Writing: 1. Interactive Writing Software Ver. 1. Bedford, Boston. Digital SourcesAll digital sources should include either a publication date, a revision or “last modified” date, or an access date. After the date, include a DOI (digital object identifier) or, if the source does not have a DOI, a stable URL. For a source accessed through a database, include the name of the database and any number assigned to the source. 1. Online Computer Services References List Format: Note: The following source was obtained through the computer service "Dialog." Wever, Katharine. 1998. In a painting, Gershwin packed the house. New York Times 30 August, late ed.: sec. 2, p. 30. Dialog, New York Times Fulltext 03819774. 2. Article from an Online Journal Fields, Gary. “Palestinian Landscape in a ‘Not-too-Distant-Mirror,’” Journal of Historical Sociology 23, no. 2 (June 2010). doi: 10.111/j.1467-6443.2010.01373.x. 3. Article from an Online DatabasePes, Alessandro. “Becoming Imperialist: Italian Colonies in Fascist Textbooks for Primary Schools.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 18, no. 5 (2013): 599-614. Academic Search Premier (92017350), doi: 10.1080/1354571X.2013.839519. 4. Article in an Online Magazine Seigel, Jacob. “The History and Logic of Military Ultimatums, From Suez to Crimea.” The Daily Beast, March 3, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/03/the-history-and-logic-of-military-ultimatums-from-suez-to-crimea.html. 5. Article from a Nonperiodical WebsitMendelson, Abby. “Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment.” Pittsburg Pirates. MLB.com. May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp. 6. Article from an Online BookRuskin, Gary. Spooky Business: Corporate Espionage against Nonprofit Organizations. Washington, DC: Essential Information, 2013. http://www.corporatepolicy.org/spookybusiness.pdf. 7. Article Posted on a Wiki“Native Americans,” Davis Wiki, accessed March 4, 2014. http://daviswiki.org/Native-Americans. 8. Citing an Entire BlogReferences List Format: McNamara, Pat. McNamara’s Blog: Musings of a Catholic Church Historian from Queens, New York. http://patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/. 9. Citing an Entry or Comment on a Blog References List Format: Winchell, Donna Haisty. “In Arizona, Is It Ethics or Economics?” Argument and the Headlines (blog). Bits: Ideas for Teaching Composition, March 3, 2014, http://blogs.bedfordstmartins.com/bits/author/donnaonbitsgmail-com/. 10. Citing an E-mail Message References List Format: Brysa, H. Levy, e-mail message to author, January 4, 2014 10. Citing an Online Posting to a Discussion Group References List Format: Alessandro, Busà to URBANTH-L discussion group, December 1, 2009, http://lists.cc.ysu.edu/pipermail/urbanth-l/2009-December/002761.html. Audio and Video Recordings1. Sound or Musical Recordings Note: The elements in the following format (particularly composer and director) may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago Manual of Style for more examples. References List Format: Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich. Symphony No. 5, Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Daniele Gatti. Harmonia Mundi, MU907381, compact disc. 2. Dramatic Performance Recordings References List Format: Shakespeare, William. Othello. Directed by Howerd Sackler. Performed by Frank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others. Caedmon CDG 225. Audiotape. 3. Poetry and Prose RecordingsReferences List Format: Eliot, T.S. Poems and Choruses. Read by author. Caedmon TC1045. Record album. 4. Lecture RecordingsReferences List Format: Nesbitt, L.M. 1995. Censorship. Audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann Reid at Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO, October 1995. 5. SlidesNote: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included. References List Format: Nesbitt, John. 1991. Europe by train. Knoxville, TN: Fabricated Production Company. Slides. 6. Film or Video RecordingNote: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included. References List Format: Michael Jackson’s This Is It. Directed by Kenny Ortega. 2009 (2009; Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures, 2010) DVD. Legal Materials1. State and Federal Court Cases/Decisions Note: State and federal court cases and decisions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below. The Chicago Manual of Style provides no guidance for a References List entry. Format: In the 1923 case, Meyer v. State of Nebraska (262 U.S. 390), the Court handed down a decision that... 2. State and Federal Constitutions Note: State and federal constitutions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below Format: In the Wisconsin Constitution, art. 9, sec. 1... Publications of Congress1. Congressional Record/General Citation References List Format: Congressional Record. 1995. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 141, pt. 26. 2. Congressional Record/Speaker Citation References List Format: Kennedy, Edward. 1995. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Cong. Rec., 30 Jan., vol. 141, pt. 10. 3. Congressional Records and DocumentsReferences List Format: U.S. Congress. 1982. South Dakota Water Resource Development. 97th Cong., 2d sess. S. Doc. 514. Serial 13452. 4. Congressional JournalsReferences List Format: U.S. Congress. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February. Or U.S. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February. 5. Congressional HearingsReferences List Format: U.S. Senate. 1990. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 101st Cong., 2d sess. 4-5 December. 6. Congressional Committee PrintsReferences List Format: U.S. Senate. 1973. Committee on Public Works. Effects and methods of control of thermal discharges. Report prepared by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 93rd Cong., 1st sess. Committee Print 14. 7. Congressional Bills and ResolutionsNote: Congressional bills and resolutions are normally cited in the running text of a document, however, when included in the References List, follow the example below. References List Format: U.S. House. 1995. Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 195. Congressional Record, 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January): H168. 8. Laws and Statutes Published as Slip LawsReferences List Format: U.S. Public Law 105-258. 105th Cong., 2d sess., 14 October 1998. 9. Laws and Statures Collected in Statutes at LargeReferences List Format: U.S. Statutes at Large. 1888. Vol. 25, p. 476. 10. Laws and Statutes Incorporated Into the U.S. CodeReferences List Format: Farm Credit Act. 1959. U.S. Code Annotated. Vol. 42, sec. 410. Presidential Documents1. Proclamations and Executive Orders References List Format: President. 1954. Proclamation. Display of the flag of the United States of America at half-staff upon the death of certain officials and former officials. Federal Register 19, no. 3 (1 March): 1235. Microfiche. 2. Messages and Papers of the Presidents References List Format: References List Format: Carter, Jimmy. 1981. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1980-81. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO. Government Documents and Publications1. Executive Department Publications References List Format: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives. 1991. Attorney-client privilege and the right of congressional access to documents for oversight purposes in the case of the suspension of the telephone loan programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO. 2. Government Commission Publications References List Format: U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1977/78. Annual report of the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.: GPO. 3. TreatiesReferences List Format: U.S. Department of State. 1989. Tourism. 3 October. TIAS no. 12403. United States treaties and other international agreements. 4. Administrative and Legislative ReportsReferences List Format: Colorado General Assembly, Colorado Commission on Higher Education. 1996. 1996 Legislative report on higher education admission standards. Denver. 5. State Laws and Municipal OrdinancesNote: State laws or municipal ordinances are normally cited in the running text, although compilations of state laws (codes) or municipal ordinances may be cited in the References List. References List Format: Colorado. 1974. Revised Statutes, Annotated (Michie Co.). Examples of How to Arrange Reference List Entries1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors Note: Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a work is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of the title. When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets]. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?]. Example Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press. Passing Race, A. 1929. Canadian Magazine. Peterkin, Julia. 1927. Black April. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. [Joe Schmoe?]. Passing Race, A, 1929. Canadian Magazine. 2. Author of One Work is First Co-Author of Another Note: Single author works always precede co-authored works. Shor, Ira. 1986. Culture wars: School and society in the conservative restoration, 1969-1982. Boston: Routledge and K. Paul. Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. 1987. A pedagogy of liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. New York: Bergin and Garvey. 3. Multiple Works by Same Author: Using "three em" (---) DashesThe three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry. Each work is then organized in chronological order, by publication date. In the event of two works being published in the same year, add a lowercase letter following the date and alphabetize the entries by title. Nesbitt, P.B. 1998a. Zoning laws and neighborhood crises. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press. ---. 1998b. The role of neighborhood associations in urban development battles. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press. Additional CMS Author/Date ResourcesPrinted Resources: University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Electronic Resources: The official Chicago Manual of Style website, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals, products and services. Citation InformationWill Allen, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, and Laurel Nesbitt. (1994-2022). Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System). The WAC Clearinghouse. Colorado State University. Available at https://wac.colostate.edu/resources/writing/guides/. Copyright InformationCopyright © 1994-2022 Colorado State University and/or this site's authors, developers, and contributors. Some material displayed on this site is used with permission. |